LOCAL PERCEPTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN PERI-URBAN AREAS OF KHULNA

A field study report 
 by Uthpal Kumar and Rashed Jalal

                                                                                         

In Khulna, Bangladesh - the Rupsha-Bhairab is a major tidal river system flowing in the eastern part of the city. This river joins the Bay of Bengal at Mongla sea port which is Bangladesh’s second largest sea port and plays a vital role in the social, economic and environmental sustainability of the third largest metropolitan city of the country. Through observations and discussions with multi-level local stakeholders we found out that this mighty river has been changing its natural course due to unregulated human interventions and rise in sea level rise due to the changing climate. This initial field study was conducted to analyze perceptions of climate change in peri-urban Khulna by the locals. Observed changes in river water level was the primary indicator for this study. For this purpose, a mixed livelihood group of people were interviewed at different locations of Rupsha- Bhairab rivers systems in Khulna. A brief summary of the stakeholders’ perceptions is given below. 

Table 1: List of the selected livelihood groups.

Location	Livelihood group
Alutala under Jalma union of Botiaghata upa-zila (sub-district) of Khulna	Local farmer
	Fisherman
	Sluice gate operator
Rupsha ferry ghat, Khulna	Wood broker
	Fisherman
	Local shopkeeper
	Boat man
	Ferry driver
	Labor union leader
BIWTA ferry ghat, Khulna	BIWTA Officer

Alutala is located approximately 10 km away from the Khulna City. It is a part of Jalma union under Botiaghata upazila (sub-district) in Khulna. There are 7 unions in Botiaghata upazilla and Jalma union is the biggest one having 33 villages. At Alutala, about 250 households depend on a single water source. However, there is no cyclone shelter at Alutala. The river Rupsha and Moyur have been flowing towards south-east and northwest direction of the village respectively, and thus, it is vulnerable to annual flood and climatic disasters. Local respondents at Alutala informed that the water level of Rupsha has been decreasing. They feel that construction of the Rupsha Bridge is one of the main reasons behind it. They also added that water current has also been decreasing due to sedimentation. One the other hand, the gate operator of Alutala regulator said that tidal water level at Rupsha River has been increasing (Table 1). He said that once he used to measure the water level at the regulator point but since long this has been stopped since long by the authority. Other respondents at the same time said that rainfall pattern has changed in the area and people suffer from frequent fever, diarrheal diseases, headache, allergy and nausea. Absence of rainfall in due time is a major perception of climate change by the local farmers. Farmers at this site informed that now they irrigate crop lands in dry period, whereas earlier they used rain fed agriculture in the same lands. All respondents felt that climate has been changing and rainfall is becoming scarce in dry season. Climatic disasters like cyclone and storm surge have also been occurring more frequently than the past, according to the locals.  

Table 2: Perceptions of changes in water level during high and low tide in Rupsha.

Year/Time	Season	High tide (RL)	Low tide (RL)
1990s	Dry	10	2-3
	Wet	14	5-6
2000s	Dry	11	2-3
	Wet	16	6-7
2010	Dry	13	3
	Wet	16	7-8
During Aila	May	18	10-12

Source: Interview with regulator operator on May 3, 2011. 

Figure 1: Local stakeholders consultation at Tetultala Bazar near Alutala regulator.

Mr. Golam Rabbani, a local wood breaker at ferry ghat informed that Rupsha river has been drying after the construction of the Rupsha Bridge and the depth of the river is decreasing day by day. He added that the flooding condition of this area has been increasing. Sometimes flood water level becomes very high and the ferry ghat area gets flooded. Mr. Robbani explained that Rupsha ferry ghat road was built in 1980. That time ferry ghat road was not flooded and the road was about 2-3 ft higher than the high tide level. But now it gets flooded frequently during high tide. He tells that water level of Rupsha has been increasing. Mr. Robbani also feels that during the last 15 to 20 years river bed has been filled up by huge siltation. However, water pressure from the sea is also increasing. Natural disasters, like flood, drought, cyclonic storm surge has been increasing, but causes behind these extreme weather events are unknown. Mr. Robbani lost his entire family during the cyclone of 1991. He said that weather pattern has being cruel because of the anthropogenic impacts. Finally, Mr. Robbani comments that after 10 or 15 years each people should be required to have at least a website for storing personal information and information regarding disaster monitoring, money to purchase drinking water from the market, insurance for recovery.

On the other hand, Mr. Jamal Uddin (wood breaker) said that water level has increased in Rupsha ferry ghat area, especially during Ashar (mid June-mid July), Srabon (mid July to mid August) and Vadro (mid August-mid September). He feels that floodplains are mostly closed now. But earlier there was free flowing of river water (flood or tidal water) into the floodplains and low lying areas. As a result river bed has silted up as there is no place for free flowing tidal water and sediments it bears. The difference between the water level of high tide and low tide are 10 to 12 ft. However, before Farakka the tidal influence was less in Rupsha-Bhairab. Main tidal influence was in Mongla point. But now upstream freshwater flow has been reduced due to the Farakka Barrage and tidal influence is mostly in the Bhairab-Rupsha river system. Mr. Uddin said that long back in 1985 large boats used to go to Narail, Borodia and Kaliya from Khulna, but now it has been closed due to the reduced navigation in Rupsha-Bhairab River. Earlier water from Padma used to come at the Rupsha through Modhumoti River. After 1880s it has been closed, and saline water has started to come upwards from the Bay of Bengal. These factors have increased salinity in water and soil in Khulna and peripheral area.

Figure 2: The tidal water level reached to the road level of 
Rupsha ferry ghat.

A local boat operator Md. Rubel Sikder (23) said that during high tide, Rupsha ferry ghat road gets flooded. After construction of the Rupsha Bridge this river has been drying by each day. He added that width of the river Rupsha has decreased by at least 200ft during the last five years.  He said that he did not hear anything about climate change and its impact in Khulna. Mr. Nazrul Islam (60) is a local shopkeeper at Rupsha ferry ghat area since 1978. At present his livelihood is at risk due to the establishment of Rupsha Bridge. He said that his income has reduced significantly as very few people use the ferry communication. Now he earns about Tk 100 per day but earlier it was about 200 or more. According to Mr. Islam this year water level is slightly higher than the previous year. He perceives that the weather pattern is not good this year. He referred that during Cyclone Aila, water level was significantly high. That time his shop had gone under water. He comments that he has never seen such a big cyclone like Aila and Sidr in his life. He heard about climate change, and said that due to the climate change, local fruit production has also been decreasing significantly. Now production of coconut and other fruits is very less in this area. He feels that now weather is highly polluted to carry out agricultural production. Mr. Kader (Ferry user, 75) has been living in Rupsha since 1960. He said that the ferry ghat has shifted downward about 200-300m from its original location. Now west side (Khulna side) has been eroding and east side (Bagerhat side) has been silting up. Earlier long wave height and high water current were prominent in the Rupsha River. But now it has reduced significantly. During pre-Farakka water depth at the ferry ghat was about 100-150 ft. now it is only 30-35ft. He also said that now water holding capacity of the river has degraded because of silting up of the river and as a result water level has increased. 

Ferry driver Mr. Mozid Gazi (75) said that water level during high tide is higher than previous years or period. He added that now tide height is higher during high and low tide. Mr. Gazi said that the sea water level also increasing. He also feels that earlier there were lots of open floodplain but now they are closed. As a result this phenomenon has also increased water level in this area.

Figure 4: shows the tide protection embankment at Railway Kastom Ghat area. Earlier it was about 1-2 ft. high from the high tide level but now it becomes flooded due to tidal influence. The sediment signature shows the flooding condition of the embankment BIWTA Kastom Ghat.

Figure  3: BIWTA's port and traffic officer 

Mr. Munshi Mohiuddin is showing the

signature changes in water level Rupsha-Bhairab 

river system at Railway Kastom Ghat in Khulna.

A local fish merchant Mr. Shah Alam said that after construction of the Rupsha Bridge, water depth has decreased at least 10 to 12 ft. He added that 20-30 years back; water depth at ferry ghat point was around 90 to100 ft. But now it is only 30-35 ft, said by the local fisherman.  Around 200 commercial fish depot is present at ferry ghat area. During Aila fish all depots were flooded by the water depth of about 1-1.5 ft. Now water is less in the river. River navigation has also been reduced due to huge sedimentation. Construction of Rupsha Bridge affected this navigability. Rainfall has been decreasing in Khulna. However, temperature has been increasing there.

According to Port and Traffic Officer of Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA), Mr. Munshi Mohiuddin, water level of the Rupsha has been increasing. He said, the present yard of the BIWTA was built about 25 years back. That time yard was not flooded because it was built about 1-2 ft high above the high tide level. But now it becomes flooded during high tide in most of the year, especially during monsoon. This indicates that water level has been increased. In July water level becomes very high and that is when the main road at BIWTA ghat goes under water. Last year water level increased more that 1ft than that of the previous year.  

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Uthpal Kumar, uthpal23@gmail.com   and Rashed Jalal, himal781@yahoo.com , June 2011

Urbanization in a Changing Environment: A Reference of Cyclone Aila

by  Uthpal Kumar and Rashed Jalal 

Urbanization is a dynamic process. The pattern of urbanization in any specific location depends on various social, economic and environmental phenomena. Khulna, the third largest metropolitan city of Bangladesh, located in the southwest coastal region, is vulnerable to climate change and unplanned urbanization. Khulna suffers from recurrent natural and human made disasters, and contributes to the increased urbanization processes at a significant rate. Recently, we visited some urban huts and peri-urban sites of Khulna to understand how climate change and natural disasters impact on urbanization process in Khulna. Our field observations show that climate-related disasters force people to migrate from different vulnerable coastal settings to the urban and peri-urban fringes in Khulna, who are also designated as climate change migrants, climate refugees or environmental refugees by several articles and case studies.

Life in a single room house in the city -  Hanif Gazi and his family

In May 2009, Cyclone Aila forced to migrate about 2856 families and 14551 populations in Khulna city.  A local study (Mehedi, 2010) identified that all these migrated households took shelter in the urban and peri-urban areas in 41 locations. However, with time migrated people were spread over the country and sometimes beyond the country boundary. The main causes of such migration were washout of total livelihood assets that they had. The initial tendency of majority of the migrated population was to settle down in the peri-urban areas rather than in the city, as living costs are significantly lesser in the peri-urban areas the urban. Besides, migrated people were not able to manage their livelihood in the city, that’s why they chose to find their home in the peri-urban areas. Although two years have already passed, the overwhelming impact of cyclone Aila is still noticeable. Recently, we had a detailed interview with some Aila affected families who are still fighting for their survival in the urban and peri-urban locations. We talked to know their present and past livelihood and asked for future adaptation choice in this changing environment.

Md. Hnaif Gaz (32) and his family lived at Satalia village of Moheshsaripur union in Koyra before Aila shock. Total family members of Mr. Gazi are 6 (male 2, female 4). Mr Hanif Gazi and his father were into fish business in Koyra. Now he and his family have been living at a rented house at 2-No. Kastom Ghat area, Khulna. At present Mr. Gazi is speechless after losing all their arrangements of livelihood. Mrs. Gazi said that they had 10 bighas agricultural land, fishing nets, boat and livestock. But now they have nothing. She added that their house rent is Tk. 2600 and from last two months their house rent is pending. Before Aila struck, Mr. Gazi and his father’s income was about 12-15 thousand per month.  However, Cyclone Aila has washed out their entire livelihood options. His wife and mother informed that they are feeling bored in the city life and wish to get back to their own land at Koyra. We asked them the main reason of migration in Khulna city to which Gazi’s mother answered that drinking water crisis was the main cause of their migration. She said that after Aila they were for three days in Koyra and all of their family members were affected with diarrhea due to absence of fresh drinking water. Till now drinking water is the main problem in their village, and therefore they cannot return back at Koyra. Mr. Gazi said that 75% of the villagers were left the villages because of drinking water crisis, absence of sanitation facilities and no job opportunities. Government pledged to give Tk 20000 to each affected family but still it has not been given. They said that NGOs have been constructing a toilet at the affected villages, but this is not sufficient for all the affected families. They also said that government should help by repairing the houses and reconstruction of community based drinking supply. Community based drinking water pond, pond sand filter (PSF) and rain water harvesting system (RWHs) would be some possible options for better adaptation in this respect. Finally, Mr. Gazi and his family members told us that strengthening and heightening of polder (embankment) is needed for future adaptation to climate change and natural disasters situation in their locality. 

Mr. Abdul  Hamid Gazi is waiting to go 
back to his home in the village from the city

Mr. Abdul Hamid Gazi, Age 60, Ex-staff of the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). He is retired from his job but from last two years he has been living in Khulna as his house was lost by the Cyclone Aila on 25 May 2009.  Mr. Gazi’s original house is in Kamarkhola, Dacope, the most affected union in Dacope. Now he is counting the days to go back home from Khulna. He expects to back home this year because embankment is already improved at his site. He got a support to build a tin shed room of 8x15ft from a local NGO. He also said that 200 houses have already been built out of 400 affected houses in his village. At present drinking water scarcity is the major problem at his site. Mr. Abdul Hamid Gazi expects that this situation would be better by the governmental and non-governmental initiatives and finally he wishes to live the rest of his life on his parents’ land.   

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Reference: Mehedi (2010), “Shekorhin Manusher Kotha: A socio-economic study on Aila victims who took shelter in Khulna”, Humaniwatch, Boyra, Khulna.